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Sci Transl Med:揭示新冠患者嗅觉丧失原因

2021-05-13 梅斯医学 MedSci原创

嗅觉神经上皮细胞可能是SARS-CoV2感染的主要部位,感染了多种细胞,其中包括嗅觉感觉神经元,支持细胞和免疫细胞。嗅觉神经上皮中的SARS-CoV-2复制与局部炎症相关。

尽管由SARS-CoV-2病毒引起的COVID-19主要是一种呼吸道疾病,但许多患者出现非呼吸道症状。这些症状包括感染SARS-CoV-2的人突然失去嗅觉。

自该大流行病开始以来,世界各地都有这种报告。直到最近,对于病毒是否在失嗅症中起直接作用还不确定。其中机制尚未得到澄清。

Un adelanto al COVID-19 Knowledge Accelerator (COKA)

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近日,法国国家科学研究中心研究团队确定了感染SARS-CoV-2的病人在疾病的不同阶段涉及的嗅觉丧失机制,并发现SARS-CoV-2病毒感染了感觉神经元并导致持续的上皮和嗅觉神经系统炎症。

此外,在一些具有持续临床症状的患者中,无嗅症与长时间的上皮和嗅觉神经系统炎症以及嗅觉上皮中的病毒持久存在有关。该结果已发表在《科学转化医学》杂志上。

该研究以COVID-19患者为对象,对表现出急性嗅觉丧失的COVID-19患者的嗅觉神经上皮进行了病毒学,分子学和细胞学研究,并辅以动物模型的测试。

研究表明,嗅觉神经上皮细胞可能是SARS-CoV2感染的主要部位,感染了多种细胞,其中包括嗅觉感觉神经元,支持细胞和免疫细胞。嗅觉神经上皮中的SARS-CoV-2复制与局部炎症相关。

研究发现,即使病毒仍然存在于鼻腔后部的嗅觉上皮,鼻咽拭子也可能通过标准的RT-qPCR检测为阴性。鉴于这一发现,除了对出现嗅觉丧失的患者进行鼻咽拭子的PCR检测外,还可以设想通过刷鼻来诊断SARS-CoV-2。

COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and  inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters  | Science Translational Medicine

新冠患者嗅觉神经上皮

除此之外,这项研究还揭示了与COVID-19相关的嗅觉丧失的机制以及一系列的时间步骤。

1)人体感染病毒后,能使感觉神经元能够接收气味分子的纤毛丢失,导致嗅觉失灵。

2)感觉神经元中存在病毒。

3)嗅觉上皮完整性的破坏与细胞凋亡)有关。上皮细胞被组织成规则的片状,被SARS-CoV-2病毒感染后,其结构被破坏。

4)病毒传播到嗅球,嗅球是嗅觉系统的第一个大脑中继站。

5) 炎症和病毒RNA存在于大脑的几个区域。

这项研究表明,嗅觉丧失也是由鼻腔后部的感觉器官恶化引起的。"我们观察到SARS-CoV-2不仅感染感觉神经元,而且还感染大脑中的嗅觉神经和嗅觉神经中枢,"法国国家科学研究中心科学家、该研究的共同作者Pierre-Marie Lledo评论说。

法国巴斯德研究所感染生物学组组长、该研究的共同作者Marc Lecuit总结称,"根据我们的结果,COVID-19的嗅觉丧失可能在一些病人身上持续几个月,这种临床症状的持续存在可能是由于病毒的持续存在和嗅觉粘膜的炎症"。这些观察结果应被用来调整长期COVID-19体征的诊断和管理

综上所述,这项研究得出了以下4个关键发现。

*在用棉签无法检测到病毒的情况下,可以通过刷鼻检测到病毒。

* SARS-CoV-2可能在嗅觉上皮细胞中持续存在几个月。

* SARS-CoV-2可能导致嗅觉上皮和嗅觉神经系统的持续炎症。

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    2022-04-13 bsmagic9140
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    2021-05-15 智慧医人
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    2021-05-13 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2021-05-13 楠竹

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据Worldometers世界实时统计数据显示,截至北京时间2021年4月20日7时,全球累计确诊新冠肺炎(COVID-19)病例超过14267万例,累计死亡病例超304.1万例。

拓展阅读

IBD:激素的使用与炎症性肠病患者感染新冠后并发症增加有关

在IBD患者中,使用皮质类固醇的患者因COVID-19而住院和机械通气的次数更多,然而抗肿瘤坏死因子 α 治疗与住院风险降低相关。

Anesthesia & Analgesia:基于疫苗接种状态和强制使用口罩的冠状病毒 -2019 疾病相关病例、住院和死亡率的负担: 来自威斯康星州的全州数据和文献叙述性综述

严格遵守公共区域口罩使用和完全接种疫苗状态与改善 COVID-19 相关结果相关,并可减少 COVID-19 的传播、发病率和死亡率。

Pancreatology:COVID-19感染对于急性胰腺炎住院患者的临床结局影响

本项研究证实COVID-19感染和胰腺炎住院患者的住院结局较差,包括脓毒性休克、急性肾损伤和需要血液透析的急性肾损伤发生率增加。

第99届美国神经病理学家协会年会:SARS-CoV-2感染患者死后眼部病理改变

本研究在SARS-CoV-2感染患者的死后眼标本中发现了大量炎症情况。

CGH:接种新冠疫苗可降低新冠阳性的染乳糜泻患者的住院风险

新冠腹泻的机制可能为:病毒进入肠道细胞内复制过程中引发炎症反应,释放促炎因子,增加肠道通透性。

JGH: 艰难梭菌对美国 COVID-19 住院治疗的负担

艰难梭菌(Clostridium difficile,CD)是一种专性厌氧的革兰阳性杆菌,可存在于正常的肠道菌群中,当大量应用广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂或化疗药物后可导致肠道菌群失调。

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